Attach multi-level column headers

Build the column-header band(s) above the rendered table. Each named argument is one band; the value is either a character vector of column names (leaf band) or a named list of further bands (inner band). Nesting depth is arbitrary — the engine renders one band row per depth level, with each cell spanning the columns of its leaves.

Usage

headers(.spec, ...)

Arguments

.spec

The tabular_spec to attach the header tree to. <tabular_spec>: required. Dot-prefixed so R's partial argument matching cannot accidentally bind a short user-supplied band label in ... to the spec slot.

...

Named header bands. Each name is the band label (must be non-blank); each value is either:

• a character vector of data-column names — leaf band, or

• a named list whose entries follow the same recursive pattern — inner band.

Inside a nested-list value, an unnamed character-vector entry declares a passthrough leaf (see the Passthrough section below).

Restriction: Every column referenced must exist in .spec@data. A column may appear under at most one leaf. Names must be unique within one headers() call. Tip: Pass headers() with no arguments to clear the tree. Interaction: Band labels support glue-style {expr} interpolation, evaluated as R code in the calling environment at build time (double a brace for a literal one). The non-blank and uniqueness checks apply to the raw author-typed name, before interpolation.

Value

The updated tabular_spec. Continue chaining with sort_rows(), style().

Details

Replace, not stack. A second headers() call REPLACES the prior tree — header structure is a single spec, not a stackable list. Call with no arguments to clear the tree.

Strict label rule. Every declared band label must carry visible text — empty strings, NA, and whitespace-only labels are rejected at every nesting level. This is stricter than col_spec(), which DOES accept empty labels (a row-label column with no header text is a legitimate clinical case). A silently-blank band would be a layout artefact.

Uncovered columns render naked. Columns not referenced under any band render with their col_spec.label only — no extra band row above them. This is the canonical pattern for row-label columns (variable, soc, stat_label).

Multi-line band labels. Embed \n in a band label for a two-line band cell (arm name on row 1, BigN on row 2).

Spanner underline trim (backend limitation). Each spanner's underline is trimmed at both ends, booktabs \cmidrule(lr) style, so adjacent spanners are separated by a visible gap rather than merging into one continuous line. PDF / LaTeX (tabularray leftpos/rightpos) and HTML (an inset rule) render the trim natively. RTF and DOCX cannot inset a cell border horizontally, so there the spanner underline spans the full band width (adjacent spanner rules abut). This is a known, documented limitation of the OOXML / RTF cell-border model, not a bug.

Passthrough leaves inside a nested band

Inside a nested-list value, a child entry may be unnamed — the entry is then a character vector of column names that sit directly under the parent with no intermediate band at this depth. Use this when one column under a band has no sub-grouping while its siblings do. The strict-label rule still applies to every declared band; an unnamed passthrough is NOT a band with a missing label — it is "no band declared at this depth for this column."

See also

Companion verb: cols() / col_spec() sets per-column labels — the leaf-row header text that sits below the band rows this verb builds.

Sibling build verbs: sort_rows(), style(), paginate(), preset().

Entry / terminal verbs: tabular(), emit(), as_grid().

Inline label formatting: md(), html().

Examples

# ---- Example 1: Single "Treatment Group" band over four arms ----
#
# AE-by-SOC/PT table with one flat band labelled "Treatment Group"
# spanning the four arm columns and the Total column. The
# row-label column (`soc`) sits to the left of the band with no
# header covering it — the canonical clinical layout.
n <- stats::setNames(cdisc_saf_n$n, cdisc_saf_n$arm_short)

tabular(
  cdisc_saf_aesocpt,
  titles = c(
    "Table 14.3.1",
    "Adverse Events by System Organ Class and Preferred Term",
    "Safety Population"
  ),
  footnotes = "Subjects are counted once per SOC and once per PT."
) |>
  cols(
    label    = col_spec(label = "SOC / PT", indent = "indent_level"),
    soc      = col_spec(visible = FALSE),
    row_type = col_spec(visible = FALSE),
    soc_n    = col_spec(visible = FALSE),
    n_total  = col_spec(visible = FALSE),
    placebo  = col_spec(label = "Placebo\nN={n['placebo']}"),
    drug_50  = col_spec(label = "Drug 50\nN={n['drug_50']}"),
    drug_100 = col_spec(label = "Drug 100\nN={n['drug_100']}"),
    Total    = col_spec(label = "Total\nN={n['Total']}")
  ) |>
  headers(
    "Treatment Group" = c("placebo", "drug_50", "drug_100", "Total")
  ) |>
  sort_rows(by = c("soc_n", "n_total"), descending = c(TRUE, TRUE))
 
Table 14.3.1
Adverse Events by System Organ Class and Preferred Term
Safety Population
 

Treatment Group
SOC / PT
Placebo
N=86
Drug 50
N=96
Drug 100
N=72
Total
N=254
TOTAL SUBJECTS WITH AN EVENT
52 (60.5)
81 (84.4)
66 (91.7)
199 (78.3)
SKIN AND SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE DISORDERS
19 (22.1)
36 (37.5)
35 (48.6)
90 (35.4)
PRURITUS
8 (9.3)
21 (21.9)
25 (34.7)
54 (21.3)
ERYTHEMA
8 (9.3)
14 (14.6)
14 (19.4)
36 (14.2)
RASH
5 (5.8)
13 (13.5)
8 (11.1)
26 (10.2)
HYPERHIDROSIS
2 (2.3)
4 (4.2)
8 (11.1)
14 (5.5)
SKIN IRRITATION
3 (3.5)
6 (6.2)
5 (6.9)
14 (5.5)
GENERAL DISORDERS AND ADMINISTRATION SITE CONDITIONS
15 (17.4)
36 (37.5)
30 (41.7)
81 (31.9)
APPLICATION SITE PRURITUS
6 (7.0)
23 (24.0)
21 (29.2)
50 (19.7)
APPLICATION SITE ERYTHEMA
3 (3.5)
13 (13.5)
14 (19.4)
30 (11.8)
APPLICATION SITE DERMATITIS
5 (5.8)
9 (9.4)
7 (9.7)
21 (8.3)
APPLICATION SITE IRRITATION
3 (3.5)
9 (9.4)
9 (12.5)
21 (8.3)
APPLICATION SITE VESICLES
1 (1.2)
5 (5.2)
5 (6.9)
11 (4.3)
GASTROINTESTINAL DISORDERS
13 (15.1)
12 (12.5)
17 (23.6)
42 (16.5)
DIARRHOEA
9 (10.5)
5 (5.2)
3 (4.2)
17 (6.7)
VOMITING
3 (3.5)
4 (4.2)
6 (8.3)
13 (5.1)
NAUSEA
3 (3.5)
3 (3.1)
6 (8.3)
12 (4.7)
ABDOMINAL PAIN
1 (1.2)
3 (3.1)
1 (1.4)
5 (2.0)
SALIVARY HYPERSECRETION
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
4 (5.6)
4 (1.6)
NERVOUS SYSTEM DISORDERS
6 (7.0)
18 (18.8)
17 (23.6)
41 (16.1)
DIZZINESS
2 (2.3)
9 (9.4)
10 (13.9)
21 (8.3)
HEADACHE
3 (3.5)
3 (3.1)
5 (6.9)
11 (4.3)
SYNCOPE
0 (0.0)
5 (5.2)
2 (2.8)
7 (2.8)
SOMNOLENCE
2 (2.3)
3 (3.1)
1 (1.4)
6 (2.4)
TRANSIENT ISCHAEMIC ATTACK
0 (0.0)
2 (2.1)
1 (1.4)
3 (1.2)
CARDIAC DISORDERS
7 (8.1)
12 (12.5)
14 (19.4)
33 (13.0)
SINUS BRADYCARDIA
2 (2.3)
7 (7.3)
8 (11.1)
17 (6.7)
MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION
4 (4.7)
2 (2.1)
4 (5.6)
10 (3.9)
ATRIAL FIBRILLATION
1 (1.2)
2 (2.1)
2 (2.8)
5 (2.0)
SUPRAVENTRICULAR EXTRASYSTOLES
1 (1.2)
1 (1.0)
1 (1.4)
3 (1.2)
VENTRICULAR EXTRASYSTOLES
0 (0.0)
2 (2.1)
1 (1.4)
3 (1.2)
INFECTIONS AND INFESTATIONS
12 (14.0)
6 (6.2)
11 (15.3)
29 (11.4)
NASOPHARYNGITIS
2 (2.3)
4 (4.2)
6 (8.3)
12 (4.7)
UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT INFECTION
6 (7.0)
1 (1.0)
3 (4.2)
10 (3.9)
INFLUENZA
1 (1.2)
1 (1.0)
1 (1.4)
3 (1.2)
URINARY TRACT INFECTION
2 (2.3)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
3 (1.2)
CYSTITIS
1 (1.2)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
2 (0.8)
RESPIRATORY, THORACIC AND MEDIASTINAL DISORDERS
5 (5.8)
8 (8.3)
9 (12.5)
22 (8.7)
COUGH
1 (1.2)
5 (5.2)
5 (6.9)
11 (4.3)
NASAL CONGESTION
3 (3.5)
1 (1.0)
3 (4.2)
7 (2.8)
DYSPNOEA
1 (1.2)
1 (1.0)
1 (1.4)
3 (1.2)
EPISTAXIS
0 (0.0)
1 (1.0)
2 (2.8)
3 (1.2)
PHARYNGOLARYNGEAL PAIN
0 (0.0)
1 (1.0)
1 (1.4)
2 (0.8)
PSYCHIATRIC DISORDERS
7 (8.1)
9 (9.4)
3 (4.2)
19 (7.5)
CONFUSIONAL STATE
2 (2.3)
3 (3.1)
1 (1.4)
6 (2.4)
AGITATION
2 (2.3)
3 (3.1)
0 (0.0)
5 (2.0)
INSOMNIA
2 (2.3)
0 (0.0)
2 (2.8)
4 (1.6)
ANXIETY
0 (0.0)
3 (3.1)
0 (0.0)
3 (1.2)
DELUSION
1 (1.2)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
2 (0.8)
MUSCULOSKELETAL AND CONNECTIVE TISSUE DISORDERS
3 (3.5)
6 (6.2)
5 (6.9)
14 (5.5)
BACK PAIN
1 (1.2)
1 (1.0)
3 (4.2)
5 (2.0)
ARTHRALGIA
1 (1.2)
2 (2.1)
1 (1.4)
4 (1.6)
SHOULDER PAIN
1 (1.2)
2 (2.1)
0 (0.0)
3 (1.2)
MUSCLE SPASMS
0 (0.0)
1 (1.0)
1 (1.4)
2 (0.8)
ARTHRITIS
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
1 (0.4)
INVESTIGATIONS
5 (5.8)
4 (4.2)
3 (4.2)
12 (4.7)
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM ST SEGMENT DEPRESSION
4 (4.7)
1 (1.0)
0 (0.0)
5 (2.0)
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM T WAVE INVERSION
2 (2.3)
1 (1.0)
1 (1.4)
4 (1.6)
BLOOD GLUCOSE INCREASED
0 (0.0)
1 (1.0)
1 (1.4)
2 (0.8)
ELECTROCARDIOGRAM T WAVE AMPLITUDE DECREASED
1 (1.2)
1 (1.0)
0 (0.0)
2 (0.8)
BIOPSY
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
1 (0.4)
Subjects are counted once per SOC and once per PT.

# ---- Example 2: Two-level nested band — Control vs Active arms ----
#
# Efficacy BOR table where the active arms are grouped under an
# "Active" sub-band and the placebo arm under a "Control"
# sub-band, both under a single "Treatment Group" parent.
# Demonstrates the named-list value form for arbitrary-depth
# nesting.
bor_levels <- c(
  "CR", "PR", "SD", "NON-CR/NON-PD", "PD", "NE", "MISSING",
  "ORR (CR + PR)", "CBR (CR + PR + SD)",
  "DCR (CR + PR + SD + NON-CR/NON-PD)", "95% CI (Clopper-Pearson)"
)
eff <- cdisc_eff_resp
eff$stat_label <- factor(eff$stat_label, levels = bor_levels)
ne <- stats::setNames(cdisc_eff_n$n, cdisc_eff_n$arm_short)

tabular(
  eff,
  titles = c(
    "Table 14.2.1",
    "Best Overall Response and Response Rates",
    "Efficacy Evaluable Population"
  ),
  footnotes = "Response per RECIST 1.1, investigator assessment."
) |>
  cols(
    stat_label  = col_spec(label = "Response"),
    row_type    = col_spec(visible = FALSE),
    groupid     = col_spec(visible = FALSE),
    group_label = col_spec(visible = FALSE),
    placebo    = col_spec(label = "Placebo\nN={ne['placebo']}"),
    drug_50    = col_spec(label = "Drug 50\nN={ne['drug_50']}"),
    drug_100   = col_spec(label = "Drug 100\nN={ne['drug_100']}")
  ) |>
  headers(
    "Treatment Group" = list(
      "Control" = "placebo",
      "Active"  = c("drug_50", "drug_100")
    )
  ) |>
  sort_rows(by = c("groupid", "stat_label"))
 
Table 14.2.1
Best Overall Response and Response Rates
Efficacy Evaluable Population
 

Treatment Group
Control
Active
Response
Placebo
N=86
Drug 50
N=84
Drug 100
N=84
CR
1 (1.2)
1 (1.2)
1 (1.2)
PR
1 (1.2)
0
0
SD
1 (1.2)
0
0
NON-CR/NON-PD
0
0
1 (1.2)
PD
0
0
1 (1.2)
NE
0
1 (1.2)
0
MISSING
83 (96.5)
82 (97.6)
81 (96.4)
ORR (CR + PR)
2 (2.3)
1 (1.2)
1 (1.2)
95% CI (Clopper-Pearson)
(0.3, 8.1)
(0.0, 6.5)
(0.0, 6.5)
CBR (CR + PR + SD)
3 (3.5)
1 (1.2)
1 (1.2)
95% CI (Clopper-Pearson)
(0.7, 9.9)
(0.0, 6.5)
(0.0, 6.5)
DCR (CR + PR + SD + NON-CR/NON-PD)
3 (3.5)
1 (1.2)
2 (2.4)
95% CI (Clopper-Pearson)
(0.7, 9.9)
(0.0, 6.5)
(0.3, 8.3)
Response per RECIST 1.1, investigator assessment.

# ---- Example 3: Multiple peer bands side by side ----
#
# Vital-signs summary where the parameter columns (param,
# paramcd, visit, stat_label) sit on the left under a "Variable"
# band, and the arm columns sit on the right under "Treatment
# Group". Demonstrates multiple top-level bands in one call --
# bands render side by side in the order declared.
vit <- cdisc_saf_vital
tabular(vit, titles = c("Table 14.4.1", "Vital Signs Summary")) |>
  cols(
    param      = col_spec(label = "Parameter"),
    paramcd    = col_spec(visible = FALSE),
    visit      = col_spec(label = "Visit"),
    stat_label = col_spec(label = "Statistic"),
    placebo    = col_spec(label = "Placebo",  align = "decimal"),
    drug_50    = col_spec(label = "Drug 50",  align = "decimal"),
    drug_100   = col_spec(label = "Drug 100", align = "decimal")
  ) |>
  headers(
    "Variable"        = c("param", "paramcd", "visit", "stat_label"),
    "Treatment Group" = c("placebo", "drug_50", "drug_100")
  )
 
Table 14.4.1
Vital Signs Summary
 

Variable
Treatment Group
Parameter
Visit
Statistic
Placebo
Drug 50
Drug 100
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Baseline
n
340         
384         
288         
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Baseline
Mean (SD)
 77.1 (10.7)
 76.6 ( 9.8)
 78.2 (10.3)
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Baseline
Median
 77.7       
 76.7       
 78.8       
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Baseline
Min, Max
 40  , 110  
 48  , 108  
 51  , 108  
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 8
n
292         
240         
224         
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 8
Mean (SD)
 75.2 ( 9.1)
 75.4 (10.6)
 77.4 ( 9.1)
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 8
Median
 76.0       
 74.0       
 78.3       
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 8
Min, Max
 49  , 101  
 52  , 100  
 54  , 98   
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 16
n
272         
168         
148         
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 16
Mean (SD)
 75.1 (10.9)
 75.2 (10.0)
 76.0 ( 9.0)
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 16
Median
 76.0       
 75.7       
 77.3       
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 16
Min, Max
 49  , 98   
 55  , 98   
 50  , 92   
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
End of Treatment
n
222         
177         
168         
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
End of Treatment
Mean (SD)
 74.4 (10.7)
 76.0 (11.2)
 76.0 ( 9.9)
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
End of Treatment
Median
 73.5       
 76.0       
 78.0       
Diastolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
End of Treatment
Min, Max
 49  , 104  
 50  , 100  
 56  , 98   
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
Baseline
n
340         
384         
288         
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
Baseline
Mean (SD)
 73.5 (11.6)
 72.1 (10.8)
 72.4 ( 9.7)
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
Baseline
Median
 72.3       
 70.0       
 71.7       
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
Baseline
Min, Max
 51  , 134  
 50  , 104  
 52  , 100  
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
Week 8
n
292         
240         
224         
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
Week 8
Mean (SD)
 71.8 ( 9.0)
 72.6 (11.1)
 74.0 ( 8.9)
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
Week 8
Median
 72.0       
 72.0       
 73.2       
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
Week 8
Min, Max
 52  , 102  
 49  , 104  
 50  , 104  
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
Week 16
n
272         
168         
148         
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
Week 16
Mean (SD)
 70.6 ( 8.8)
 68.8 ( 9.4)
 73.2 ( 9.5)
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
Week 16
Median
 70.2       
 68.0       
 72.0       
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
Week 16
Min, Max
 50  , 90   
 48  , 104  
 51  , 96   
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
End of Treatment
n
222         
177         
168         
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
End of Treatment
Mean (SD)
 75.2 (11.5)
 74.1 ( 9.4)
 73.6 ( 9.6)
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
End of Treatment
Median
 74.0       
 75.0       
 73.0       
Pulse Rate (beats/min)
End of Treatment
Min, Max
 51  , 106  
 50  , 94   
 50  , 98   
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Baseline
n
340         
384         
288         
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Baseline
Mean (SD)
136.8 (17.6)
137.9 (18.5)
137.8 (17.2)
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Baseline
Median
136.3       
138.0       
138.0       
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Baseline
Min, Max
 80  , 184  
100  , 194  
100  , 192  
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 8
n
292         
240         
224         
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 8
Mean (SD)
136.3 (17.0)
134.9 (17.8)
135.1 (15.5)
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 8
Median
136.5       
132.3       
134.0       
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 8
Min, Max
 90  , 189  
 92  , 200  
 91  , 198  
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 16
n
272         
168         
148         
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 16
Mean (SD)
134.6 (18.3)
132.5 (14.3)
133.7 (16.0)
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 16
Median
134.0       
130.0       
132.0       
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
Week 16
Min, Max
 76  , 190  
100  , 168  
 99  , 186  
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
End of Treatment
n
222         
177         
168         
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
End of Treatment
Mean (SD)
132.7 (15.4)
133.0 (17.1)
132.3 (15.6)
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
End of Treatment
Median
131.0       
130.0       
131.0       
Systolic Blood Pressure (mmHg)
End of Treatment
Min, Max
 78  , 172  
 92  , 178  
100  , 177  
Temperature (C)
Baseline
n
172         
190         
144         
Temperature (C)
Baseline
Mean (SD)
 36.6 ( 0.4)
 36.5 ( 0.4)
 36.6 ( 0.4)
Temperature (C)
Baseline
Median
 36.7       
 36.6       
 36.6       
Temperature (C)
Baseline
Min, Max
 35  , 37   
 35  , 37   
 36  , 37   
Temperature (C)
Week 8
n
146         
118         
112         
Temperature (C)
Week 8
Mean (SD)
 36.6 ( 0.4)
 36.6 ( 0.4)
 36.6 ( 0.4)
Temperature (C)
Week 8
Median
 36.6       
 36.7       
 36.7       
Temperature (C)
Week 8
Min, Max
 36  , 37   
 36  , 37   
 36  , 37   
Temperature (C)
Week 16
n
136         
 82         
 74         
Temperature (C)
Week 16
Mean (SD)
 36.7 ( 0.3)
 36.6 ( 0.4)
 36.6 ( 0.4)
Temperature (C)
Week 16
Median
 36.7       
 36.6       
 36.7       
Temperature (C)
Week 16
Min, Max
 36  , 37   
 36  , 37   
 36  , 37   
Temperature (C)
End of Treatment
n
 74         
 59         
 56         
Temperature (C)
End of Treatment
Mean (SD)
 36.7 ( 0.4)
 36.6 ( 0.4)
 36.6 ( 0.4)
Temperature (C)
End of Treatment
Median
 36.8       
 36.7       
 36.7       
Temperature (C)
End of Treatment
Min, Max
 35  , 37   
 35  , 38   
 36  , 37   

# ---- Example 4: Three-tier band over efficacy arms + Total ----
#
# Demographics-style three-tier nesting: top band labels the
# whole arm strip, middle band splits Active vs Placebo, leaf
# bands carry the per-arm column labels. Each child within a
# `list(...)` may itself be a `list(...)` — bands nest to
# arbitrary depth using nested list literals.
n <- stats::setNames(cdisc_saf_n$n, cdisc_saf_n$arm_short)
tabular(cdisc_saf_demo, titles = "Demographics, hierarchical headers") |>
  cols(
    variable   = col_spec(label = "Characteristic"),
    stat_label = col_spec(label = "Statistic"),
    placebo    = col_spec(label = "N={n['placebo']}"),
    drug_50    = col_spec(label = "N={n['drug_50']}"),
    drug_100   = col_spec(label = "N={n['drug_100']}"),
    Total      = col_spec(label = "N={n['Total']}")
  ) |>
  headers(
    "Treatment Group" = list(
      "Control" = "placebo",
      "Active"  = list(
        "Drug 50"  = "drug_50",
        "Drug 100" = "drug_100"
      ),
      "Pooled"  = "Total"
    )
  )
 
Demographics, hierarchical headers
 

Treatment Group
Control
Active
Pooled
Drug 50
Drug 100
Characteristic
Statistic
N=86
N=96
N=72
N=254
Age (years)
n
86
96
72
254
Age (years)
Mean (SD)
75.2 (8.59)
76.0 (8.11)
73.8 (7.94)
75.1 (8.25)
Age (years)
Median
76.0
78.0
75.5
77.0
Age (years)
Q1, Q3
69.2, 81.8
71.0, 82.0
70.5, 79.0
70.0, 81.0
Age (years)
Min, Max
52, 89
51, 88
56, 88
51, 89
Sex, n (%)
F
53 (61.6)
55 (57.3)
35 (48.6)
143 (56.3)
Sex, n (%)
M
33 (38.4)
41 (42.7)
37 (51.4)
111 (43.7)
Race, n (%)
WHITE
78 (90.7)
90 (93.8)
62 (86.1)
230 (90.6)
Race, n (%)
BLACK OR AFRICAN AMERICAN
8 (9.3)
6 (6.2)
9 (12.5)
23 (9.1)
Race, n (%)
ASIAN
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
Race, n (%)
AMERICAN INDIAN OR ALASKA NATIVE
0 (0.0)
0 (0.0)
1 (1.4)
1 (0.4)